GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, urine, and saliva, present at concentrations that decline with advancing age. First isolated by Loren Pickart in 1973, GHK has a high affinity for copper(II) ions. It is among the most extensively studied naturally occurring peptides in dermatological and tissue biology research.
Extracellular Matrix Regulation Research
Preclinical research has extensively examined GHK-Cu's interactions with collagen and elastin synthesis pathways in fibroblast culture models. Research has documented its ability to upregulate collagen I, III, and IV production in experimental models, as well as its effects on MMP and TIMP expression governing extracellular matrix remodeling.
Wound Healing and Tissue Repair Signaling
Studies have investigated GHK-Cu's effects on fibroblast migration and proliferation, angiogenesis stimulation, and mast cell recruitment in wound healing models. Research has explored its interactions with TGF-beta signaling and its influence on scar tissue formation markers.
Gene Expression and Antioxidant Research
More recent research has examined GHK-Cu's broad effects on gene expression using microarray analysis, identifying interactions with hundreds of gene pathways including antioxidant response element activation and DNA repair pathway upregulation. Research has also examined its interactions with the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
• Pickart L & Margolina A (2018). Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), 1987.
